{"id":6412,"date":"2025-01-18T11:25:07","date_gmt":"2025-01-18T05:55:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/?p=6412"},"modified":"2025-01-18T11:25:55","modified_gmt":"2025-01-18T05:55:55","slug":"chiral-drugs-a-twisted-tale-in-pharmaceuticals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/chiral-drugs-a-twisted-tale-in-pharmaceuticals\/","title":{"rendered":"Chiral Drugs: A twisted tale in pharmaceuticals"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-ast-global-color-0-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-1bd1be287325f33942bc7782242c7914\"><strong>Synopsis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Chiral drugs<\/strong>, those fascinating chemical compounds existing as mirror-image pairs or enantiomers, exhibit distinct biological properties. This post provides a comprehensive overview of chiral drugs, presenting key concepts through a visually engaging mind maps. It covers chirality&#8217;s historical roots and stereochemical nomenclature, delves into the specialized discipline of <strong>chiral pharmacology<\/strong>, and presents drug toxicity case studies. Additionally, it explores unichiral drugs, the importance of chiral purity, and the tools used for measuring it. Designed with clarity and depth in mind, this content invites readers to explore the fascinating world of chiral drugs and their critical role in modern medicine. &lt;<mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#e01c1c\" class=\"has-inline-color\">To explore this intriguing topic further, be sure to check out the &#8220;Further Reading&#8221; section for expert insights<\/mark>&gt;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"702\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/\u00a9-Chiral-Drugs-Essentials-Angular-with-logo-f-5-702x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6489\" style=\"width:648px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/\u00a9-Chiral-Drugs-Essentials-Angular-with-logo-f-5-702x1024.png 702w, https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/\u00a9-Chiral-Drugs-Essentials-Angular-with-logo-f-5-206x300.png 206w, https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/\u00a9-Chiral-Drugs-Essentials-Angular-with-logo-f-5-768x1121.png 768w, https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/\u00a9-Chiral-Drugs-Essentials-Angular-with-logo-f-5-1053x1536.png 1053w, https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/\u00a9-Chiral-Drugs-Essentials-Angular-with-logo-f-5-1403x2048.png 1403w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 702px) 100vw, 702px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#de2222\" class=\"has-inline-color\">Chiral Drugs:<\/mark><\/strong> <strong><em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#df2727\" class=\"has-inline-color\">Understanding Chirality in Pharmacology<\/mark><br><\/em><\/strong><em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#da2929\" class=\"has-inline-color\">Core Mind Map<\/mark><\/em><br><br><em><strong>Explore the twisted tale of chiral drugs through our captivating Concept Map!<\/strong> This visual journey elegantly weaves together the historical roots, the intricacies of chiral and racemic drugs, and the chiral nomenclature system. Dive into the bio-environment and discover the unique behaviors of these fascinating compounds. Designed for clarity and ease of understanding, this overview provides a comprehensive insight into the essentials of chiral drugs.<\/em><br><br><em>But there\u2019s more &#8211; venture into the specialized realm of <strong>&#8220;chiral pharmacology&#8221;<\/strong>. Uncover concepts like chiral discrimination, the Easson-Stedman model, and stereochemically engineered drug toxicity case studies. Learn about the significance of chiral purity and the tools used to measure it, exploring unichiral drugs and their critical role in modern medicine. This visual exploration promises to make your journey through the world of chiral drugs both enlightening and visually engaging!<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>To enhance readability and visual comfort, the main idea map &#8220;Chiral Drugs: The Essentials&#8221; has been thoughtfully divided into two parts: &#8220;Chiral Drugs: The Essentials 1&#8221; and &#8220;Chiral Drugs: The Essentials 2 &#8211; Chiral Pharmacology.&#8221; This approach aims to provide a smoother journey through the intricate world of chiral pharmaceuticals, ensuring you can navigate these complex concepts with ease<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"981\" src=\"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Chiral-Drugs-E1-2-C-1-1024x981.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6479\" style=\"width:673px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Chiral-Drugs-E1-2-C-1-1024x981.png 1024w, https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Chiral-Drugs-E1-2-C-1-300x287.png 300w, https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Chiral-Drugs-E1-2-C-1-768x736.png 768w, https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Chiral-Drugs-E1-2-C-1.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#e02828\" class=\"has-inline-color\">Chiral Drugs:<\/mark><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#da1818\" class=\"has-inline-color\"> <\/mark><\/strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#da1818\" class=\"has-inline-color\">Essentials 1 <\/mark><br><em>Discover the intricate world of chirality through our detailed Concept Map. This visual presentation elegantly captures the historical roots, nuances of chiral and racemic drugs, the chiral nomenclature system, bio-environment, and the distinct behavior of chiral drugs. Designed for clarity and ease of understanding, this overview offers a comprehensive insight into the essentials of chiral<\/em> drugs<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-ast-global-color-0-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-4dbe69d98f47cd9c4c7afedf61385569\"><strong>Chiral Pharmacology<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now, let&#8217;s embark on an exciting journey into the captivating world of <strong>Chiral Pharmacology<\/strong>, also known as <strong>Stereo-Pharmacology<\/strong>. Dive into the fascinating concepts through our detailed and engaging concept maps, and discover the intricate science behind the unique behavior of chiral drugs. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"901\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Chiral-Drugs-E2-2-C-2-901x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6492\" style=\"width:685px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Chiral-Drugs-E2-2-C-2-901x1024.png 901w, https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Chiral-Drugs-E2-2-C-2-264x300.png 264w, https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Chiral-Drugs-E2-2-C-2-768x873.png 768w, https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Chiral-Drugs-E2-2-C-2-1351x1536.png 1351w, https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Chiral-Drugs-E2-2-C-2.png 1677w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 901px) 100vw, 901px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#d82424\" class=\"has-inline-color\">Chiral Drugs: <\/mark><\/strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#d82424\" class=\"has-inline-color\">Essential 2<\/mark> &#8211; <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#e02424\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong>Chiral Pharmacology<\/strong><\/mark>  <br><em>These maps will guide you through the complexities of chiral discrimination, the Easson-Stedman model, and specialized drug toxicity case studies. Uncover the importance of chiral purity and the innovative tools used to measure it. Get ready to explore the pivotal role of unichiral drugs in modern medicine with clarity and depth<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-ast-global-color-0-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-9e316c1999adbcade6b8c6749c3afcd7\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chiral drugs are a fascinating and essential aspect of modern pharmaceuticals, offering unique biological properties and critical advantages in medication efficacy and safety. By understanding the historical roots of chirality, mastering stereochemical nomenclature, and exploring chiral pharmacology, we gain valuable insights into the complexities and benefits of these compounds. As the pharmaceutical industry continues to advance, the importance of chiral purity and the tools used to measure it cannot be overstated. This exploration of chiral drugs provides a comprehensive foundation for appreciating their critical role in medicine today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-ast-global-color-0-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-769468878267ca6902eb2c8dcc5b7671\"><strong>Future Direction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Looking ahead, the field of chiral pharmacology holds immense potential for further breakthroughs and innovations. Future research may focus on:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Developing New Unichiral Drugs<\/strong>: Continuing to explore and create unichiral drugs with enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Advancing Analytical Techniques<\/strong>: Improving tools and methods for measuring chiral purity to ensure the highest standards in drug development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Personalized Medicine<\/strong>: Tailoring chiral drug therapies to individual patient needs, leveraging genetic and biochemical profiling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Environmental Impact<\/strong>: Investigating the ecological effects of chiral drugs and finding sustainable solutions to mitigate any negative impacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Regulatory Standards<\/strong>: Establishing and refining regulatory guidelines to ensure consistent and safe production of chiral drugs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>By staying at the forefront of these developments, we can continue to unlock the full potential of chiral drugs, ultimately improving patient outcomes and advancing the field of pharmaceutical science.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-ast-global-color-0-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-04467d121d4a3fe2d97a693c0133ceb1\"><strong>Further Reading<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-chiralpedia wp-block-embed-chiralpedia\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"mPNIL5QvXL\"><a href=\"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/chiral-twins-identical-but-not-really\/\">Chiral twins &#8211; Identical? \u2026 But not really!<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;Chiral twins &#8211; Identical? \u2026 But not really!&#8221; &#8212; Chiralpedia\" src=\"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/chiral-twins-identical-but-not-really\/embed\/#?secret=kCki8FzFUR#?secret=mPNIL5QvXL\" data-secret=\"mPNIL5QvXL\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-chiralpedia wp-block-embed-chiralpedia\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"0LytWeKYet\"><a href=\"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/thalidomide-tragedy-the-story-and-lessons\/\">Thalidomide tragedy: the story and lessons \u2026<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;Thalidomide tragedy: the story and lessons \u2026&#8221; &#8212; Chiralpedia\" src=\"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/thalidomide-tragedy-the-story-and-lessons\/embed\/#?secret=DN5ab3p0yH#?secret=0LytWeKYet\" data-secret=\"0LytWeKYet\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-chiralpedia wp-block-embed-chiralpedia\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"qDsJEO5R9m\"><a href=\"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/introduction-to-chirality-understanding-the-basics\/\">Introduction to Chirality: Understanding the Basics<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;Introduction to Chirality: Understanding the Basics&#8221; &#8212; Chiralpedia\" src=\"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/introduction-to-chirality-understanding-the-basics\/embed\/#?secret=5VUg2Hme7Z#?secret=qDsJEO5R9m\" data-secret=\"qDsJEO5R9m\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-chiralpedia wp-block-embed-chiralpedia\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"P7bhaO9f11\"><a href=\"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/naming-enantiomers-the-r-s-system\/\">Naming enantiomers: the left-(or right-) handed?<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;Naming enantiomers: the left-(or right-) handed?&#8221; &#8212; Chiralpedia\" src=\"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/naming-enantiomers-the-r-s-system\/embed\/#?secret=jl9FtVyVUU#?secret=P7bhaO9f11\" data-secret=\"P7bhaO9f11\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-chiralpedia wp-block-embed-chiralpedia\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"UYQDI69V2K\"><a href=\"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/chirality-in-pharmaceuticals-the-impact-of-molecular-handedness-on-medicine\/\">Chirality in Pharmaceuticals: The Impact of Molecular Handedness\u00a0on\u00a0Medicine<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;Chirality in Pharmaceuticals: The Impact of Molecular Handedness\u00a0on\u00a0Medicine&#8221; &#8212; Chiralpedia\" src=\"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/chirality-in-pharmaceuticals-the-impact-of-molecular-handedness-on-medicine\/embed\/#?secret=idqqG76Zef#?secret=UYQDI69V2K\" data-secret=\"UYQDI69V2K\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;Bassindale, A (1984).&nbsp;<em>The Third Dimension in Organic Chemistry<\/em>. New York: John Wiley, New York.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/047190189X\"><bdi>047190189X<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Shou-jiao&nbsp;Peng et al. (2024). Chiral drugs: Sources, absolute configuration identification, pharmacological applications, and future research trends. LabMed Discovery, 1, 1. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lmd.2024.100008\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lmd.2024.100008<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yaoyu&nbsp;Zhou&nbsp; et al. (2018), Chiral pharmaceuticals: Environment sources, potential human health impacts, remediation technologies and future perspective, Environment International, 121,1,&nbsp; 523-537. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2018.09.041\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2018.09.041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nguyen LA, He H, Pham-Huy C. (2006). Chiral drugs: an overview. Int J Biomed Sci. Jun;2(2):85-100. PMID: 23674971; PMCID: PMC3614593.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;Gal, Joseph; Lindner, wolfgang (2006). &#8220;Chiral drugs from a historical point of view&#8221;. In Francotte, Eric (ed.).&nbsp;<em>Chirality in drug research<\/em>. Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. pp.&nbsp;3\u201326.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/3-527-31076-2\"><bdi>3-527-31076-2<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gal, J (1998). &#8220;Problems of stereochemical nomenclature and terminology. 1. The homochiral controversy. Its nature, origins, and a proposed solution&#8221;.&nbsp;<em>Enantiomer<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>3<\/strong>:&nbsp;263\u2013273.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jamali, F.; Mehvar, R.; Pasutto, F.M. (1989). &#8220;Enantioselective Aspects of Drug Action and Disposition: Therapeutic Pitfalls&#8221;.&nbsp;<em>Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>78<\/strong>&nbsp;(9):&nbsp;695\u2013715.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fjps.2600780902\">10.1002\/jps.2600780902<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0022-3549\">0022-3549<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\">PMID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/2685226\">2685226<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Williams, Kenneth M. (1991),&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1054-3589(08)60033-2\"><em>Molecular Asymmetry and Its Pharmacological Consequences<\/em><\/a>, Advances in Pharmacology, vol.&nbsp;22, Elsevier, pp.&nbsp;57\u2013135,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fs1054-3589%2808%2960033-2\">10.1016\/s1054-3589(08)60033-2<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-12-032922-9\"><bdi>978-0-12-032922-9<\/bdi><\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\">PMID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/1958505\">1958505<\/a>, retrieved&nbsp;2021-06-03<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Crossley, Roger (1992).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0040-4020(01)80486-5\">&#8220;The relevance of chirality to the study of biological activity&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Tetrahedron<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>48<\/strong>&nbsp;(38):&nbsp;8155\u20138178.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fs0040-4020%2801%2980486-5\">10.1016\/s0040-4020(01)80486-5<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0040-4020\">0040-4020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gross, Michael (1990),&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0065-7743(08)61610-3\"><em>Chapter 34. Significance of Drug Stereochemistry in Modern Pharmaceutical Research and Development<\/em><\/a>, Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, vol.&nbsp;25, Elsevier, pp.&nbsp;323\u2013331,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fs0065-7743%2808%2961610-3\">10.1016\/s0065-7743(08)61610-3<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-12-040525-1\"><bdi>978-0-12-040525-1<\/bdi><\/a>, retrieved&nbsp;2021-06-03<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;Decamp, W (1989).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/chir.530010103\">&#8220;The FDA perspective on the development of stereoisomers&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Chirality<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>1<\/strong>&nbsp;(1):&nbsp;2\u20136.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fchir.530010103\">10.1002\/chir.530010103<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\">PMID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/2642032\">2642032<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;Ariens, E. J. (1984).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00541922\">&#8220;Stereochemistry, a basis for sophisticated nonsense in pharmacokinetics and clinical pharmacology&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>26<\/strong>&nbsp;(6):&nbsp;663\u2013668.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2Fbf00541922\">10.1007\/bf00541922<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0031-6970\">0031-6970<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\">PMID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/6092093\">6092093<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:30916093\">30916093<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ari\u00ebns, Everardus J. (1987).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/med.2610070305\">&#8220;Stereochemistry in the analysis of drug-action. Part II&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Medicinal Research Reviews<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>7<\/strong>&nbsp;(3):&nbsp;367\u2013387.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fmed.2610070305\">10.1002\/med.2610070305<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0198-6325\">0198-6325<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\">PMID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/3041134\">3041134<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:31403941\">31403941<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;Ari\u00ebns, E.J (1987). &#8220;Implications of the Neglect of Stereochemistry in Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Pharmacology&#8221;.&nbsp;<em>Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>21<\/strong>&nbsp;(10):&nbsp;827\u2013829.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F106002808702101013\">10.1177\/106002808702101013<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\">PMID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/3322758\">3322758<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:23007083\">23007083<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ari\u00ebns, Everd J. (1987).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/106002808702101013\">&#8220;Implications of the Neglect of Stereochemistry in Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Pharmacology&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Drug Intelligence &amp; Clinical Pharmacy<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>21<\/strong>&nbsp;(10):&nbsp;827\u2013829.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F106002808702101013\">10.1177\/106002808702101013<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0012-6578\">0012-6578<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\">PMID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/3322758\">3322758<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:23007083\">23007083<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ari\u00ebns, E. J. (1989).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1989.tb00655.x\">&#8220;Stereoselectivity in the Action of Drugs&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>64<\/strong>&nbsp;(4):&nbsp;319\u2013320.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0773.1989.tb00655.x\">10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1989.tb00655.x<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0901-9928\">0901-9928<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\">PMID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/2748538\">2748538<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ari\u00ebns, E.J. (1986).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0165-6147(86)90313-5\">&#8220;Chirality in bioactive agents and its pitfalls&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Trends in Pharmacological Sciences<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>7<\/strong>:&nbsp;200\u2013205.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2F0165-6147%2886%2990313-5\">10.1016\/0165-6147(86)90313-5<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0165-6147\">0165-6147<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Caldwell, John (1995). &#8220;Chiral Pharmacology and the regulation of new drugs&#8221;.&nbsp;<em>Chemistry and Industry<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>6<\/strong>:&nbsp;176\u2013179.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ari\u00ebns, Everhardus J.; Wuis, Eveline W.; Veringa, Eric J. (1988).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0006-2952(88)90749-6\">&#8220;Stereoselectivity of bioactive xenobiotics&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Biochemical Pharmacology<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>37<\/strong>&nbsp;(1):&nbsp;9\u201318.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2F0006-2952%2888%2990749-6\">10.1016\/0006-2952(88)90749-6<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0006-2952\">0006-2952<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\">PMID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/3276322\">3276322<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wainer, Irving W. (1992-09-01).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajhp\/49.9_suppl_1.s4\">&#8220;Three-dimensional view of pharmacology&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>49<\/strong>&nbsp;(9_Suppl):&nbsp;S4 \u2013&nbsp;S8.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fajhp%2F49.9_suppl_1.s4\">10.1093\/ajhp\/49.9_suppl_1.s4<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1079-2082\">1079-2082<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\">PMID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/1530004\">1530004<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Drayer, Dennis E (1986).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/clpt.1986.150\">&#8220;Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic differences between drug enantiomers in humans: An overview&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>40<\/strong>&nbsp;(2):&nbsp;125\u2013133.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fclpt.1986.150\">10.1038\/clpt.1986.150<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0009-9236\">0009-9236<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\">PMID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/3731675\">3731675<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:33537650\">33537650<\/a>.&nbsp;Scott, Andrew K. (1990).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/009286159002400123\">&#8220;Stereoisomers in Clinical Pharmacology&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Drug Information Journal<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>24<\/strong>&nbsp;(1):&nbsp;121\u2013123.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F009286159002400123\">10.1177\/009286159002400123<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0092-8615\">0092-8615<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:72095771\">72095771<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lehmann, Pedro A.F. (1986).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0165-6147(86)90353-6\">&#8220;Stereoisomerism and drug action&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Trends in Pharmacological Sciences<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>7<\/strong>:&nbsp;281\u2013285.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2F0165-6147%2886%2990353-6\">10.1016\/0165-6147(86)90353-6<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0165-6147\">0165-6147<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ari\u00ebns, E.J. (1990),&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/b978-0-12-136670-4.50008-4\">&#8220;Racemic Therapeutics\u2014Problems all Along the Line&#8221;<\/a>,&nbsp;<em>Chirality in Drug Design and Synthesis<\/em>, Elsevier, pp.&nbsp;29\u201343,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-136670-4.50008-4\">10.1016\/b978-0-12-136670-4.50008-4<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-12-136670-4\"><bdi>978-0-12-136670-4<\/bdi><\/a>, retrieved&nbsp;2021-06-03<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hutt, A. J.; Tan, S. C. (1996).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00003495-199600525-00003\">&#8220;Drug Chirality and its Clinical Significance&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Drugs<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>52<\/strong>&nbsp;(Supplement 5):&nbsp;1\u201312.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165%2F00003495-199600525-00003\">10.2165\/00003495-199600525-00003<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0012-6667\">0012-6667<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\">PMID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/8922553\">8922553<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:41802235\">41802235<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;Simonyi, Mikl\u00f3s (1984).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/med.2610040304\">&#8220;On chiral drug action&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Medicinal Research Reviews<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>4<\/strong>&nbsp;(3):&nbsp;359\u2013413.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fmed.2610040304\">10.1002\/med.2610040304<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0198-6325\">0198-6325<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\">PMID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/6087043\">6087043<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:38829275\">38829275<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Williams, Kenneth; Lee, Edmund (1985).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00003495-198530040-00003\">&#8220;Importance of Drug Enantiomers in Clinical Pharmacology&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Drugs<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>30<\/strong>&nbsp;(4):&nbsp;333\u2013354.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165%2F00003495-198530040-00003\">10.2165\/00003495-198530040-00003<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0012-6667\">0012-6667<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\">PMID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/3905334\">3905334<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:23999344\">23999344<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;Ari\u00ebns, Everardus J. (1986).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/med.2610060404\">&#8220;Stereochemistry: A source of problems in medicinal chemistry&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Medicinal Research Reviews<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>6<\/strong>&nbsp;(4):&nbsp;451\u2013466.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fmed.2610060404\">10.1002\/med.2610060404<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0198-6325\">0198-6325<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\">PMID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/3534485\">3534485<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:36115871\">36115871<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Baldwin, J.J.; Abrams, W. B (1988). Wainer, I.W.; Drayer, D.E. (eds.).&nbsp;<em>Drug Stereochemistry, Analytical Methods and Pharmacology<\/em>. New York: Marcel Dekker, New York. pp.&nbsp;311\u2013356.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Williams, K. M (1990).&nbsp;<em>Problems and wonder of chiral molecules<\/em>. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado, Budapest. pp.&nbsp;181\u2013204.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/963-05-5881-5\"><bdi>963-05-5881-5<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Scott, Andrew K. (1993).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00002018-199308020-00005\">&#8220;Stereoisomers and Drug Toxicity&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Drug Safety<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>8<\/strong>&nbsp;(2):&nbsp;149\u2013159.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165%2F00002018-199308020-00005\">10.2165\/00002018-199308020-00005<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0114-5916\">0114-5916<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\">PMID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/8452656\">8452656<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:20426452\">20426452<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Powell, J, R. (1988).&nbsp;<em>Drug stereochemistry. Analytical methods and pharmacology<\/em>. New York: Marcel Dekker, New York. pp.&nbsp;245\u2013270.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wright, Matthew R.; Jamali, Fakhreddin (1993).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/1056-8719(93)90044-f\">&#8220;Methods for the analysis of enantiomers of racemic drugs application to pharmacological and pharmacokinetic studies&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>29<\/strong>&nbsp;(1):&nbsp;1\u20139.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2F1056-8719%2893%2990044-f\">10.1016\/1056-8719(93)90044-f<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1056-8719\">1056-8719<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\">PMID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/8481555\">8481555<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ariens, E.J (1989).&nbsp;<em>Chiral Separations by HPLC<\/em>. Chichester: Ellis Horwood, Chichester. pp.&nbsp;31\u201368.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hyneck, M (1990).&nbsp;<em>Chirality in Drug Design and Synthesis<\/em>. New York: Academic Press, New York. pp.&nbsp;1\u201328.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Blessington, Bernard (1997).&nbsp;<em>The impact of stereochemistry on drug development and use<\/em>. New York: John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York. pp.&nbsp;235\u2013261.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-471-59644-2\"><bdi>0-471-59644-2<\/bdi><\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ernest, L Eliel; Samuel H, Wilen (1990). &#8220;Misuse of homochiral&#8221;.&nbsp;<em>Chemical &amp; Engineering News<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>10<\/strong>: 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cayen, Mitchell N. (1991).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/chir.530030203\">&#8220;Racemic mixtures and single stereoisomers: Industrial concerns and issues in drug development&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Chirality<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>3<\/strong>&nbsp;(2):&nbsp;94\u201398.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fchir.530030203\">10.1002\/chir.530030203<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0899-0042\">0899-0042<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Caldwell, John (1996).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0021-9673(95)00465-3\">&#8220;Importance of stereospecific bionalytical monitoring in drug development&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Journal of Chromatography A<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>719<\/strong>&nbsp;(1):&nbsp;3\u201313.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2F0021-9673%2895%2900465-3\">10.1016\/0021-9673(95)00465-3<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0021-9673\">0021-9673<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\">PMID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/8589835\">8589835<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Campbell, D.B. (1990). &#8220;The development of chiral drugs&#8221;.&nbsp;<em>Acta Pharm. Nord<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>2<\/strong>&nbsp;(3):&nbsp;217\u2013226.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\">PMID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/2200432\">2200432<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chiral_drugs\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chiral_drugs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Allenmark, Stig G. (1988).&nbsp;<em>Chromatographic enantioseparation: methods and applications<\/em>. Chichester: Ellis Horwood. pp.&nbsp;27\u201340.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9780131329454\"><bdi>9780131329454<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Synopsis Chiral drugs, those fascinating chemical compounds existing as mirror-image pairs or enantiomers, exhibit distinct biological properties. This post provides a comprehensive overview of chiral drugs, presenting key concepts through a visually engaging mind maps. It covers chirality&#8217;s historical roots and stereochemical nomenclature, delves into the specialized discipline of chiral pharmacology, and presents drug toxicity case studies. Additionally, it explores unichiral drugs, the importance of chiral purity, and the tools used for measuring it. Designed &hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"> <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/chiral-drugs-a-twisted-tale-in-pharmaceuticals\/\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Chiral Drugs: A twisted tale in pharmaceuticals<\/span> Read More &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6461,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"site-sidebar-layout":"","site-content-layout":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[23,22,67],"ppma_author":[93],"class_list":["post-6412","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-chiral-science","tag-chiral_drugs","tag-chirality","tag-chiralpedia"],"authors":[{"term_id":93,"user_id":1,"is_guest":0,"slug":"chiralusrblg","display_name":"Valliappan Kannappan","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/vk.jpg","url2x":"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/vk.jpg"},"first_name":"","last_name":"","user_url":"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/","job_title":"Founder, chiralpedia.com","description":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6412","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6412"}],"version-history":[{"count":50,"href":"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6412\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6527,"href":"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6412\/revisions\/6527"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6461"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6412"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6412"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6412"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chiralpedia.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=6412"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}